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Home > RotaVirus Disease and Vaccines |
Rotavirus Disease and Vaccines On-line Resources
Worldwide, almost every child will have at least one rotavirus infection before
he or she is five years old. The virus is so contagious and resilient that
providing clean water and promoting proper hygiene do not significantly reduce
incidence, which is nearly the same in industrialized and developing countries.
Additionally, because rotavirus usually causes profuse vomiting, ORS/ORT is
difficult to administer.
Rotaviruses are a genus of viruses belonging to the Reoviridae family. Seven
major groups have been identified, three of which (groups A, B, and C) infect
humans, with group A being the most common and widespread one.
Rotavirus disease
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- Rotavirus (pronounced "row-tuh-virus") is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide.
- Rotavirus is responsible for the deaths of an estimated 600,000 children each year, 80 percent of whom live in developing countries.
- Rotavirus is found in all countries. Most children have had one or more rotavirus infections by the age of 5.
- In young children, rotavirus disease is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and severe dehydration. Death is caused by dehydration due to rotavirus infection, not by the virus itself.
- Rotavirus disease cannot be treated with antibiotics or other drugs. Regardless of hygiene practices or access to clean water, nearly every child
in the world will be infected with rotavirus before age 5. Vaccination is the only viable measure to prevent severe rotavirus illness.
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Rotavirus vaccines
- Studies of two new rotavirus vaccines recently demonstrated their safety and efficacy among children in middle- and high-income countries.
- Clinical trials have been launched, and additional studies are planned, to evaluate the impact of vaccines as a method for the prevention of severe
rotavirus disease in developing countries. Results generated from these trials will help national governments make informed decisions about
introducing the vaccines into the public sector.
- Enhancing diarrheal disease control through a combined prevention and treatment strategy—incorporating rotavirus vaccine; new, low-osmolarity
formulations of oral rehydration solution; and zinc supplementation during diarrhea episodes—can rapidly and significantly reduce child mortality where
diarrheal disease is a serious burden.
Rotavirus News
A new video about the promise and potential of rotavirus vaccines
Stories of Hope From Nicaragua
Learn about PATH's work in cervical cancer prevention, diarrhea control, and violence prevention in Latin America
29 Jan 2010 - At the World Economic Forum,
Bill Gates announced that he would commit $10 billion over the next 10 years to help research, develop, and deliver vaccines to developing
countries. The Gates Foundation cites
PATH's Rotavirus Vaccine Program and the
New England Journal of Medicine research on rotavirus vaccines as examples of the encouraging progress
that inspired them to commit more resources to this endeavor.
28 Jan 2010 - The New England Journal of Medicine published
two studies that provide ground-breaking data for accelerating the
introduction of rotavirus vaccines.
Click here to view PATH’s press release.
2 Jan 2010 - Bono, lead singer of U2 and co-founder of the ONE Campaign, published an
editorial in the New York Times that proposed "10 ideas that might make the next 10 years
more interesting, healthy, or civil." Rotavirus vaccines make the list.
If you engage in social media outreach, we would also like to invite you to update your Facebook status with the video link and re-tweet some of
the recent announcements we've been making on PATHtweets about rotavirus
vaccines (http://twitter.com/PATHtweets). |
In the developing world, where treatment can be
hard to access and safe water is scarce,
diarrhea can be deadly. Prevention of diarrheal
disease through immunization is a relatively new
intervention, but is becoming an essential and
lifesaving part of diarrhea control strategies.
Vaccines against bacterial causes of diarrhea
such as Shigella and enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli (ETEC) are under
development, and new vaccines against rotavirus
are increasingly available in low-resource
settings.
PATH is working with partners to increase access
to existing rotavirus vaccines, develop new
rotavirus vaccines, and accelerate the
development of other new vaccines against causes
of diarrhea. To learn more, please visit the
PATH website.
UNICEF is the world’s leading agency for
vaccine procurement and procures vaccines and
immunization supplies on behalf of the
GAVI
Alliance, which provides subsidized funding
for rotavirus vaccine introduction in eligible
countries.

Immunization programs to prevent
rotavirus, the leading cause of severe
gastroenteritis, are increasing worldwide
thanks to new safe and effective vaccines.
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Key resources
Below are some key documents on diarrhea
vaccines. Please also visit our partners’ websites
for more resources.
Other helpful websites
References
1 Parashar U, Hummelman EG, Bresee
JS, Miller MA, Glass RI. Global illness and
deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children.
Emerging Infectious Diseases.
2003;9(5):565-572.
Photo: PATH/Mike Wang.
Reproduced from the PATH Resources for Diarrheal Disease Control website at
www.eddcontrol.org, [6 November, 2009].
A complete and up-to-date list of the
following and related resources can be found at
Enhanced Diarrheal Disease Control
Resource Center
Featured Resources
Anticipating new vaccines in the Americas (2004)
This editorial supports accelerated rotavirus vaccine introduction and
addresses related issues, such as health inequities, program sustainability,
and vaccine affordability.
Andrus, et al. Pan American Journal of Public Health.
16(6):369-370.
pdf English 43
kb
Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines (2005)
This paper reviews economic evaluations of Rotarix® and RotaTeq® and
offers suggestions for future analyses of cost-effectiveness.
Walker D, Rheingans R. Expert Review Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes
Research. 5(5):593-601.
pdf English 309
kb
Key facts about rotavirus disease and vaccines (2006)
Basic, essential information about rotavirus disease and vaccines against
rotavirus.
PATH
pdf English 24
kb |
pdf Español 32
kb |
pdf Russian 174
kb
The promise of new rotavirus vaccines (2006)
This editorial summarizes findings from successful safety and efficacy studies
of Rotarix® and RotaTeq® vaccines, while also emphasizing the need for
clinical trials to evaluate the vaccines’ performance in developing country
settings.
Glass R, Parashar U. New England Journal of Medicine.
354(1): 75-77.
pdf
English 694 kb |
pdf Español
230 kb |
pdf
Français 232 kb |
pdf Português
247 kb |
pdf
Russian 245 kb
Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea (2006)
Study authors reviewed literature on hospitalizations related to severe
diarrhea and rotavirus and found that, while diarrheal disease incidence has
reduced in recent years, due in part to improved hygiene practices, incidence
of rotavirus infection has continued to increase.
Parashar U, Gibson C, Bresee J, Glass R. Emerging Infectious Diseases.
12(2):13-17.
pdf English
141 kb
Rotavirus: Questions and answers (2006)
Expanded information on rotavirus incidence and interventions, including
vaccines.
PATH
pdf English 34
kb |
pdf Español
41 kb
Rotavirus Vaccine Program
This collaboration between PATH, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) aims to accelerate the
availability of rotavirus vaccines in the developing world.
Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe
rotavirus gastroenteritis (2006)
This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of GSK’s rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix®),
with a focus on determining risk of intussusception.
Ruiz-Palacios G, Pérez-Schael I, Velázquez F, et al. New England Journal
of Medicine. 354(1):11-22.
pdf
English 233 kb |
pdf Español
233 kb |
pdf Français
244 kb |
pdf
Russian 253 kb
Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human–bovine (WC3) reassortant
rotavirus vaccine (2006)
This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of Merck’s rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq®),
with a focus on determining risk of intussusception.
Vesikari T, Matson D, Dennehy P, et al. New England Journal of Medicine.
354(1):23-33.
pdf
English 1.17 mb |
pdf Español
216 kb |
pdf
Français 221 kb |
pdf Russian
254 kb
General information
Overview of RotaTeq® human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine
(2005)
This presentation reported on studies of the safety and efficacy of the
RotaTeq® vaccine manufactured by Merck.
Shaw A, Heaton P. Merck & Co., Inc.
pdf English 182
kb
Proceedings of the Sixth International Rotavirus Symposium (2005)
An overview of the symposium’s sessions, presentations, and discussions.
The Albert B. Sabin Vaccine Institute
pdf English 799
kb |
pdf Español 820
kb
Rotarix® (2005)
This presentation from the director of worldwide medical affairs at GSK offers
a profile of Rotarix® and outlines its potential value.
De Vos B. Presented at: GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) R&D Day, London.
pdf English 2.2
mb
RotaShield® vaccine and intussusception Q&A
Answers to common questions about RotaShield®, an earlier vaccine against
rotavirus, and the decision of the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices to no longer recommend it for use.
CDC
pdf English 59
kb
Rotavirus fact sheet (2005)
General information about rotavirus disease.
CDC
pdf English 19
kb |
pdf Español 23
kb
Treatment guidelines
Acute intussusception in infants and children. Incidence, clinical
presentation and management: A global perspective (2002)
This report from the WHO estimates global incidence of acute intussusception
in developing countries, the condition’s clinical presentation, and trends in
clinical management.
World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Immunization, Vaccines,
and Biologicals
pdf English 317
kb
Draft recommendations for pentavalent bovine-human rotavirus
vaccine (2006)
This presentation outlines recommendations of the CDC's Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices for introduction of Merck's rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq®,
into the routine US immunization schedule.
CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Rotavirus Working Group
English PowerPoint presentation 174 kb
Generic protocols for (i) hospital-based surveillance to estimate
the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children and (ii) a community-based
survey on utilization of health care services for gastroenteritis in children
(2002)
WHO developed this guide for use in country activities aimed at collecting
data on local rotavirus disease burden.
WHO Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals
pdf English 1.5
mb |
pdf Español 1.5
mb
Rotarix® international data sheet (2004)
This informational sheet contains prescription information for administration
of Rotarix® in Latin American countries, among others.
GSK
pdf English
67 kb
RotaTeq® package insert (2006)
This document provides information on and directions for administration of
Merck’s rotavirus vaccine.
Merck & Co., Inc.
pdf English 132
kbResearch
Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children
Parashar UD, Hummelman EG, Bresee JS, Miller MA, Glass RI. Emerg Infect Dis
[serial online] 2003 May.
Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea in Africa: A review to assess
the need for rotavirus immunization (1998)
This study reviewed the epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus diarrhea
among children at hospitals and clinics in African countries. The long-term
review was conducted from 1975 to 1992.
Cunliffe NA, Kilgore PE, Bresee JS, et al. Bulletin of the World
Health Organization. 76(5):525-537.
pdf English 562
kb
The epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Latin America:
Anticipating new vaccines (2004)
This paper outlines a literature review performed to assess the disease burden
and epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Latin America.
Kane E, Turcios R, Arvay M, et al. Pan American Journal of Public
Health. 16(6):371-377.
pdf English 100
kb
Evaluation of anatomic changes in young children with natural
rotavirus infection: is intussusception biologically plausible? (2004)
This study explores the plausibility of intussusception caused by natural
rotavirus infection.
Robinson C, Hernanz-Schulman M, Zhu Y, et al. Journal of Infectious
Diseases. 189:1382-1387.
pdf English 300
kb
Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children
(2003)
This seminal paper estimates global incidence of rotavirus disease and related
deaths, based on a review of studies published from 1986 – 2000.
Parashar U, Hummelman E, Bresee J, et al. Emerging Infectious
Diseases. 9(5).
pdf English 742
kb
Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus diarrhea in the United
States, 1993 through 1995: Surveillance based on the new ICD-9-CM
rotavirus-specific diagnostic code (1998)
This study examined trends in rotavirus-associated hospitalizations among US
children.
Parashar U, Holman R, Clarke M, et al. Journal of Infectious
Diseases. 177:13-17.
pdf English 153
kb
Review of data from the REST and other Phase III studies of the
pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq® (2006)
This presentation from the senior director of clinical research at Merck
Research Laboratories presents data on safety and efficacy clinical trials of
Merck’s rotavirus vaccine. Presented at the CDC Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices meeting; Atlanta, GA.
Heaton P
English PowerPoint presentation
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